Front Matter · How to Use This Casebook

How to Use This Casebook

What each part is for, how a case is built, and how to read the book — whether you are preparing for a ward round, a viva, or an examination.

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The book has two parts. Part One contains seventy-nine disease cases arranged by system, drawn from both internal medicine courses, and every one of them follows the same seven-part sequence set out below. The order is deliberate: it mirrors the order in which you will actually meet the patient on the ward, and it is the order in which an examiner will expect you to present.

Part Two contains sixteen seminars built around a presenting symptom rather than a diagnosis, and these follow a different sequence — the differential is generated before the history is taken, because the differential is what the history is for. That template is explained at the start of Part Two.

Part Three is different again: eleven chapters on reading an electrocardiogram, a blood count and film, renal and liver tests, a chest radiograph and lung function, and rheumatological serology. They are numbered as chapters rather than cases, and are meant to be returned to rather than read once.

Section What it trains
1. Clinical vignette Pattern recognition. Read the stem and commit to a working diagnosis before reading on.
2. Focused history Not a checklist — every question is paired with the reason you are asking it.
3. Physical examination What to look for, the sign you expect to find, and the mechanism that produces it.
4. Differential diagnosis The competing diagnoses and the single discriminating feature for each.
5. Investigations Bedside, laboratory, imaging — with the expected result and what it changes. Tests that do not change management are named as such.
6. Management Immediate stabilisation, severity scoring and disposition, definitive treatment, complications, discharge.
7. Teaching points and viva questions The pearls that separate a pass from a distinction, and the questions examiners actually ask.

A note on units. Glucose and urea are given in millimoles per litre (mmol/L) with the milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL) equivalent in brackets. Drug doses are for an adult with normal renal and hepatic function; always check against your local formulary and antibiogram, since resistance patterns are regional.

A note on protocols. Where national guidelines differ, the text follows the approach most widely taught and flags the alternative. Your hospital protocol overrides this book.

Navigating this volume. The three parts carry three separate sequences: Cases 1 to 79 in Part One, Seminars 1 to 16 in Part Two, and Chapters 1 to 11 in Part Three. Every cross-reference names the part explicitly — "Case 37", "Seminar 14", "Chapter 9" — so no reference is ambiguous. All headings use built-in heading styles, so the document can also be navigated using the navigation pane in Word.

Contents

Part One · Disease Cases by System

Seventy-nine cases in ten blocks, each opening with a one-page system opener covering the history and examination for that system.

Respiratory

Case Title
1 Community-acquired pneumonia
2 Acute severe asthma
3 Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4 Suppurative lung disease: bronchiectasis and lung abscess
5 Acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure
6 Pleural effusion
7 Lung cancer
8 Pulmonary hypertension

Cardiology

Case Title
9 Acute rheumatic fever
10 Rheumatic mitral stenosis
11 ST-elevation myocardial infarction
12 Acute decompensated heart failure
13 Infective endocarditis
14 Newly diagnosed hypertension
15 Aortic stenosis
16 Chronic regurgitant valve disease
17 Pericardial disease
18 The cardiomyopathies

Endocrinology

Case Title
19 Diabetic ketoacidosis
20 Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus
21 Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, with hypoglycaemia
22 Thyrotoxicosis, with hypothyroidism
23 Hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism
24 Pituitary disorders
25 The chronic complications of diabetes
26 Cushing syndrome and adrenal insufficiency
27 Lipid and lipoprotein disorders

Nephrology

Case Title
28 Acute kidney injury
29 Chronic kidney disease
30 Acid–base disorders
31 Hyponatraemia
32 Urinary tract infection
33 Glomerulonephritis

Gastroenterology

Case Title
34 Dyspepsia, reflux and peptic ulcer disease
35 Acute viral hepatitis
36 Chronic viral hepatitis
37 Decompensated cirrhosis and portal hypertension
38 Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
39 Inflammatory bowel disease
40 Hepatocellular carcinoma

Infectious diseases

Case Title
41 Brucellosis
42 Malaria
43 Pulmonary tuberculosis
44 Bacterial meningitis
45 Human immunodeficiency virus infection
46 Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host
47 Encephalitis
48 The principles of antimicrobial use

Haematology

Case Title
49 Microcytic anaemia and the iron deficiency workup
50 Macrocytic and haemolytic anaemia
51 Sickle cell disease and thalassaemia
52 The bleeding patient
53 Acute leukaemia
54 The chronic leukaemias
55 Lymphoma
56 Multiple myeloma
57 The myeloproliferative neoplasms

Rheumatology

Case Title
58 Rheumatoid arthritis
59 Systemic lupus erythematosus
60 Axial spondyloarthritis
61 Vasculitis
62 Gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease
63 Antiphospholipid syndrome

Neurology

Case Title
64 Acute ischaemic stroke
65 Seizures and status epilepticus
66 Acute neuromuscular weakness
67 Peripheral neuropathy
68 Myelopathy and demyelinating disease
69 Parkinson disease and the extrapyramidal disorders

Dermatology and envenomation

Case Title
70 Cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease
71 Eczema
72 Snake, scorpion and spider envenomation
73 Bacterial and viral infections of the skin
74 Fungal infections and infestations
75 Psoriasis and the papulosquamous diseases
76 Blistering disease and the cutaneous drug emergencies
77 Skin tumours and the pigmented lesion
78 Acne, rosacea, and disorders of pigmentation, hair and nails
79 Sexually transmitted infections

Part Two · Approach to the Patient

Sixteen undifferentiated presentations, numbered as seminars in their own sequence. They use a different template: the differential is generated before the history.

Seminars

Seminar Title
1 Jaundice
2 Generalised anasarca
3 Acute chest pain
4 Acute dyspnoea
5 Headache
6 Arthritis
7 Chronic cough
8 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies
9 Pyrexia of unknown origin
10 Coma
11 Venous thromboembolism
12 Shock
13 Chronic diarrhoea
14 Ascites
15 Dementia
16 Acute poisoning

Part Three · Interpretation

Eleven chapters on reading the investigations, numbered as chapters in their own sequence.

Chapters

Chapter Title
1 Reading the electrocardiogram systematically
2 Ischaemia, pericarditis and the electrolytes
3 The narrow-complex tachycardias
4 The broad-complex tachycardias
5 Bradycardia and conduction block
6 A reading drill
7 The blood count, film, coagulation screen and marrow
8 Renal function and urinalysis
9 Liver function tests
10 The chest radiograph and pulmonary function tests
11 Rheumatological and immunological serology

PART ONE

Disease Cases by System

Seventy-nine cases in ten blocks